Dr Matiur Rahman

Online polarisation refers to the phenomenon where individuals or groups, particularly in digital spaces such as social media platforms and online forums, become divided into distinct ideological or partisan factions. It's characterised by the formation of echo chambers, where individuals are predominantly exposed to information that aligns with their existing beliefs, reinforcing their viewpoints and limiting exposure to opposing perspectives.

This polarisation often leads to the segregation of individuals into groups that share similar ideologies, political affiliations, or social beliefs. It creates an environment where discussions tend to be dominated by like-minded individuals, reinforcing biases and amplifying divisions.

Online polarisation is fueled by various factors, including algorithms on social media platforms that tailor content based on users' preferences. This leads to a constant stream of information that reinforces existing beliefs. Confirmation bias, where individuals seek information that confirms their preconceived notions while dismissing conflicting viewpoints, also contributes to this polarisation.

This phenomenon has significant implications for societal discourse, political engagement, and the exchange of ideas. It can hinder constructive dialogue, exacerbate divisions within societies, and lead to increased hostility and intolerance between individuals or groups with differing opinions.

The echo chambers created by online polarisation often result in a lack of exposure to diverse perspectives, which can impede understanding and compromise. It can also contribute to the spread of misinformation and the amplification of extreme viewpoints within polarised communities.

In Bangladesh's digital landscape, the rise of online polarisation has become a defining feature, shaping public discourse, political narratives, and societal interactions. The interconnected web of social media platforms and digital forums has created echo chambers where individuals, often unknowingly, find themselves exposed only to information that reinforces their existing beliefs and perspectives.

The roots of online polarisation in Bangladesh lie in the rapid expansion of digital connectivity and the proliferation of social media platforms. While these mediums offer unprecedented opportunities for communication and engagement, they've also given rise to segregated communities of thought. Individuals gravitate towards like-minded groups, consuming and sharing information that aligns with their ideologies, inadvertently reinforcing their beliefs and amplifying pre-existing biases.

In the realm of politics, online polarisation has deeply influenced public opinion, electoral dynamics, and the formation of political narratives. The echo chambers created by social media have accentuated divisions along political lines, leading to a more polarised electorate. Supporters of different political parties often find themselves engaged in heated debates, further entrenching their positions and widening the chasm between opposing viewpoints.

The structure of social media algorithms contributes significantly to the reinforcement of online polarisation. Algorithms tailor content based on individual preferences, inadvertently trapping users in echo chambers where they're predominantly exposed to content that reaffirms their beliefs. This fosters confirmation bias, where individuals seek and prioritise information that confirms their existing viewpoints while dismissing or ignoring contradictory perspectives.

Online polarisation poses a significant challenge to constructive dialogue and meaningful discourse. Instead of fostering healthy debates and diverse perspectives, polarised online spaces often lead to hostility, intolerance, and a reluctance to engage with opposing viewpoints. This hinders the exchange of ideas and inhibits the exploration of nuanced or alternative perspectives.

The impact of online polarisation extends beyond political realms, permeating societal interactions and eroding trust between individuals and communities. The divide created by polarised online spaces often spills over into real-life interactions, leading to increased tensions, social fragmentation, and diminished social cohesion.

The prevalence of online polarisation has also facilitated the spread of misinformation and the amplification of extremist views. False information and sensationalised content often gain traction within polarised communities, further intensifying divisions and perpetuating distrust in mainstream information sources.

Efforts to bridge the divide and encourage healthy discourse face significant hurdles in the realm of online polarisation. Overcoming deeply entrenched beliefs and biases, fostering empathy, and promoting critical thinking skills in online spaces demand concerted efforts from both individuals and the platforms themselves.

Addressing online polarisation requires a multifaceted approach. Encouraging digital literacy, promoting fact-checking, and cultivating a culture of critical engagement are essential. Platforms can re-evaluate algorithms to prioritise diverse content, facilitate civil discourse, and limit the amplification of polarising material.

Moreover, initiatives that facilitate dialogue between diverse groups, encourage respectful engagement, and promote understanding across ideological divides are crucial. Civil society organisations, educational institutions, and community-led initiatives play pivotal roles in fostering environments that encourage empathy, inclusivity, and open-mindedness.

Addressing online polarisation requires efforts to encourage critical thinking, promote digital literacy, and foster platforms that facilitate diverse and respectful discussions. Encouraging exposure to a variety of viewpoints, fact-checking information, and promoting civil discourse are essential in mitigating the impacts of online polarisation.

In Bangladesh's digital era, grappling with online polarisation necessitates a collective effort to restore trust, encourage dialogue, and cultivate an environment where diverse viewpoints are respected. Only through a concerted commitment to bridge divides, foster critical thinking, and promote inclusive discussions can the digital sphere become a catalyst for unity, empathy, and constructive engagement.

The writer is a researcher and development worker.