Md. Yeasir Arafat

Accountability stands as the cornerstone of democracy, embodying the principle that individuals and organisations must be answerable for their actions, decisions, and outcomes. It fosters transparency, trust, and integrity within public institutions, ensuring that the power entrusted to them is exercised responsibly. While Bangladesh has taken steps towards strengthening accountability, substantial challenges persist across its governmental branches.

Firstly, accountability, in the case of individuals, groups, or organisations with authoritative or legal power, can be ensured by higher-ranked entities within that specific unit. Additionally, it can be checked and monitored by the legal institutions of a country, such as the judicial branch of government. Furthermore, it can be tracked by other formal or informal organisations and groups, such as civil society organisations. Lastly, accountability can be demanded by the general public of that particular state. However, the access to and flow of information are not uniform in all cases; they tend to decrease from top to bottom. Nevertheless, in a democratic system of government, it is essential to provide unrestricted access to information about the activities of individuals in positions of significant responsibility to ensure they are held fully accountable.

In Bangladesh, the “Digital Bangladesh” initiative has laid a strong foundation for a digital economy, with significant strides made in digitising government services and fostering technological innovation. Policies have been updated to accelerate this transformation, with tangible progress in areas such as e-governance and online service delivery. However, the full institutionalisation of these advancements remains an ongoing challenge. While laws such as the Digital Security Act have been introduced to address the complexities of the digital landscape, they have also raised concerns regarding freedom of expression and the potential misuse of such legislation to suppress dissent.

The executive branch, wielding significant authority, often overshadows other arms of governance. This concentration of power frequently impedes transparency and responsiveness, leaving critical decisions insulated from public scrutiny. The legislative branch, represented by the Jatiya Sangsad (National Parliament), is theoretically designed to check executive overreach. However, constitutional provisions such as Article 70, which restrict Members of Parliament from voting against their party, significantly weaken its independence and ability to function as a true accountability mechanism. Similarly, the judiciary, despite its constitutional mandate for independence, faces systemic challenges. Political interference and corruption have eroded its effectiveness, undermining public trust and the promise of justice.

Globally, digital democracy and governance are undergoing significant transformation, driven by advancements in technology and growing public demand for transparency and participation. Governments are increasingly adopting digital platforms to enable citizens to engage directly in decision-making, access public services, and monitor government activities. Online voting systems, digital petitions, and participatory budgeting platforms have become prominent tools for fostering inclusivity and accountability. Technology now facilitates real-time updates on government projects, enabling citizens to track expenditures, policies, and development initiatives.

These systems are helping to bridge the gap between governments and citizens, offering new avenues for public engagement. However, challenges remain, such as ensuring equal access to technology, protecting user privacy, and preventing cyber threats. The success of these initiatives often depends on impenetrable digital infrastructure, a digitally literate population, and strong legal frameworks that uphold transparency and public trust.

Bangladesh stands at a pivotal moment to adapt to these global trends. Imagine a digital accountability tool—a mobile application accessible to every citizen. This app would allow individuals to monitor government activities in real-time, access updates on projects and budgets, and actively participate in decision-making processes through digital voting on significant policy matters. It will open a new window for practicing direct democracy via technological advancement. This application will be used to track down the activities of governmental authority both individually and collectively. Such a platform could revolutionise the relationship between the government and its people, fostering a participatory democracy where citizens are not mere spectators but active contributors to national development.

A neutral and autonomous unit, such as “The Accountability Committee,” should be established to oversee and ensure accountability across the country. This committee should be granted the authority to access, monitor, and supervise the system. Members of the committee must be appointed through a transparent and merit-based process, prioritising individuals who exemplify patriotism, justice, and a commitment to the nation’s interests above all else. The primary functions of this committee will include monitoring the activities of responsible and power-appointed entities and updating the relevant information to the app. If any irregularities or anomalies are identified, the committee will promptly notify the concerned authorities to initiate immediate corrective measures or actions.

However, realising this vision demands several fundamental prerequisites. A digitally literate populace is essential, as many citizens in Bangladesh currently lack the skills required to navigate digital platforms. Comprehensive educational initiatives must bridge this gap, equipping citizens with both the technological proficiency and civic understanding needed to engage meaningfully. The government must simplify complex policy issues and processes, making them accessible to the average citizen. Legislative jargon, intricate budgetary frameworks, and multifaceted development plans should be broken down into digestible formats to encourage active participation.

Accessibility remains a critical concern. While Bangladesh has made strides in digital infrastructure, many rural and economically disadvantaged communities still struggle with limited internet access and the high cost of digital devices. Addressing these disparities requires significant infrastructure development, subsidised technology, and equitable access across all demographics. Transparency and trust are equally vital. The success of any accountability platform hinges on its ability to provide unfettered access to information. All governmental actions—whether executive decisions, legislative debates, or judicial rulings—must be visible and accessible to the public.

Data security and privacy cannot be overlooked. An accountability app would handle sensitive personal information, making it a potential target for breaches. The government must invest in state-of-the-art cyber security measures to safeguard data and ensure that users’ privacy is never compromised. A strong legal and institutional framework is indispensable, with laws mandating transparency, protecting citizens’ rights, and delineating the responsibilities of government branches.

While this concept is still largely untested in Bangladesh, it holds transformative potential. The fusion of technology and democracy could redefine governance, empowering citizens to hold their leaders accountable and actively shape the nation’s future. By addressing infrastructural, educational, and systemic challenges, Bangladesh can pave the way for a more inclusive and participatory political environment.

This is not merely a vision of the future; it is a call to action. By embracing innovation and fostering a culture of transparency and public engagement, Bangladesh can set a global benchmark for accountability in the digital age. Such an endeavour requires bold leadership, unwavering commitment, and the collective effort of government, civil society, and the citizenry. The rewards—a more just, equitable, and democratic society—are well worth the pursuit.

The writer is a Undergraduate Student Department of Political Science, University of Rajshahi